Supporting musical parts (e.g. guitar, keys, bass) that create harmony or rhythm behind the lead elements.

The way a song is structured or organized: intros, verses, choruses, bridges, instrumentation, etc.

The core instruments and gear (drums, amplifiers, keyboards) used by a band on stage.

A contrasting section in a song that connects two main parts (e.g. verse to chorus) and adds variation.

A sequence of chords played in order, forming the harmonic backbone of a song.

A preliminary recording used to sketch a song’s parts and ideas before full production.

Variations in loudness or intensity (soft → loud) used to add emotion and texture in performance.

“Do It Yourself” — independent approach to recording, promoting, or producing music without major label help.

An additional performance after the main set, typically in response to audience applause.

A control (slider or knob) on a mixing board to raise or lower the volume of a track or channel.

A catchy musical or lyrical phrase intended to grab listeners’ attention and be memorable.

Spontaneous musical creation during performance, often in solos or fills.

Short for “independent” — referring to artist or label operating outside the major commercial system.

The specific combination of instruments used in a song or arrangement.

The central pitch or scale around which a song is based (e.g. C major, E minor).

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A recording made during a concert or live performance, capturing the energy of a live show.

A repeated musical phrase or section (rhythmic, melodic) used in production or performance.

A sequence of notes perceived as a single musical thought; usually the “singable” line.

The process of balancing and blending individual audio tracks into a coherent final song.

Changing from one key to another within a song to heighten interest or emotional impact.

A short, recurring musical idea or fragment that helps unify a composition.

The concluding section of a song, bringing it to an end in a deliberate way.

Recording a new part (vocal, guitar, etc.) on top of existing recorded material.